Frontera dinámica: contraste urbano rural en el Borde oriental de Medellín Colombia / Dynamic Border: Rural Urban Contrast on the Eastern Edge in Medellin, Colombia

Resumen El límite de expansión urbana oriental de Medellín, Colombia, está dado por las zonas de protección ambiental y la frontera con el corregimiento de Santa Elena; sin embargo, esta delimitación es ambigua entre lo que se ha planteado en el Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial vigente y lo que se encuentra en la realidad: el barrio El Pacífico, último asentamiento de este borde se ha comenzado a expandir incluso, a la zona de protección y a los suelos de uso rural. Existe una clara distancia entre lo planteado y sentado en los instrumentos de planificación, con lo interpretado o percibido por la comunidad que habita el territorio en cuestión. Existe un contraste urbano rural dado por la dinámica que plantean los actores fronterizos.

Abstract The eastern urban expansion edge of Medellin, Colombia, is given by environmental protection zones and the border with the Santa Elena Village. However, this delimitation is ambiguous between what has been raised in the current Territorial Ordering Plan and what is in reality: The El Pacífico neighborhood. The last settlement of this border has even begun to expand to the protection zone and to rural-use soils. The re exists a clear distance between what is raised and what is seated in the planning instruments, with what is interpreted or perceived by the community, who inhabits the territory in question. There is a rural urban contrast given by the dynamics posed by bordering actors.

Formação profissional e a relação com a sucessão geracional entre jovens rurais, Brasil / Professional qualifications and relations with the generational succession among rural youths, Brazil / Formación profesional y relación con la sucesión generacional entre jóvenes rurales, Brasil

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as perspectivas de permanência no meio rural e sucessão familiar na agricultura dos jovens e das jovens rurais estudantes do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão. Este estudo é uma pesquisa quantitativa. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos com questionário que contemplou a totalidade dos jovens e das jovens rurais do Campus e posteriormente foram analisados pelo programa estatístico PSPP (análises de frequência e correlação, com teste chi-square). Concluiu-se que os jovens rurais do sexo masculino são mais incentivados e têm mais interesse em serem gestores e sucessores das propriedades rurais e em permanecer no campo. Estudar na área de ciências agrárias também aumenta o interesse em serem sucessores, mas não diminui a diferença de gênero.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of the study was to analyze the possibilities of permanence in rural zones and family succession in agriculture among urban and rural students at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Sertão Campus. The empirical data in this quantitative study was obtained through a survey that included all of the rural and urban youth at the campus. This data was later analyzed by the PSPP statistical program (chi-square test). It was concluded that young rural men are more encouraged and more interested in being the operators and successors of rural properties and have more interest in continuing to live in rural areas. Agricultural science students also demonstrate more interest in family succession, but the gender different remains in this population.

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las perspectivas de permanencia en el medio rural y la sucesión familiar en la agricultura de los jóvenes y de las jóvenes rurales estudiantes del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão. Este estudio es una investigación cuantitativa. Los datos empíricos fueron obtenidos mediante cuestionario que comprendió la totalidad de los jóvenes y de las jóvenes rurales del Campus, y posteriormente fue analizado por el programa estadístico PSPP (Análisis de frecuencia y correlación, con prueba Chi-square). Se concluyó que los jóvenes rurales del sexo masculino son más incentivados y tienen más interés en ser gestores y sucesores de las propiedades rurales y en permanecer en el campo. Estudiar en el área de las ciencias agrarias también aumenta el interés en ser sucesores, pero no disminuye la diferencia de género.

An assessment of factors responsible for diarrhoea deaths of under five children in rural and urban settings of India

Background: Very little scientifically based information is available on cause-specific mortality rates of diarrhoea among all regions and populations wherein an inequitable proportion exits in low-income households, which have fewer resources and less knowledge to manage burden than high-income households. The strategic purpose of the study is to identify gaps in care seeking in order to make changes in approach to address these gaps either directly by working with the community and by doing area specific advocacy to improve service delivery through government channels.Methods: The study was conducted in nine locations (6 rural and 3 urban) of India. The ethical and confidentiality parameters of conducting verbal autopsies were followed and random sampling methodology was adapted.Results: Respondents of our study attributed 22% deaths to diarrhoea. From the study, it is revealed that children who passed stool for 5 or more number of times in a day are more likely to die 1.5 times than the children who passed stool for 3 times a day. Children having diarrhoea for 5 days or more than 5 days are more likely to die 1.6 times in comparison to the children who have had diarrhoea for 3 days. Approximately seven of the ten children died within five days of treatment.Conclusions: Information on diarrheal diseases, its determinants in India and preventive and control strategies in light of recent developments need to be reviewed for better planning and organization of health services within the community.

Anthropometric Characteristics And Physical Fitness Of Urban And Rural 8-10 Years Old School Girls Of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Background: The assessment of anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness assist the researcher in comparing the growth and health status of urban and rural school girls. Purpose of this research was to examine anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness of urban and rural school girls of district Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Methods: The participants were government primary schoolgirls (urban = 200), and (rural = 200), within the age of 8-10 years. The selected anthropometric and physical fitness variables were stature, body mass, skinfolds, girths, breadths, lengths, speed, standing broad jump, agility, ball throw, handgrip strength, endurance, and flexibility. A student t-test was applied to assess the difference between urban and rural school girls in their anthropometric and physical fitness measures. Results: Results showed the urban school girl was significantly superior in body mass, iliac-crest skinfold(P< .04), abdominal skinfold(P< .04), waist girth (P< .04), hip girth (P< .01), thigh girth(P< .01), arm length, and hand length. In contrast, the rural school girls were significantly higher in speed(P< .02), agility(P< .02), ball throw (P< .02), flexibility( P< .03), run and walk (P< .04) than the urban school girls. Conclusion: It is concluded the urban school girls were higher in skin folds and girths, indicate high body fats than rural school girls. As a result, urban school girls were lower in fitness capacity than rural because higher body fat reduces fitness performance. It is suggested the parents and school administration focus to provide such activities to improve physical fitness and reduce body fats of urban school girls. The future study focusses on investigating the effects of food intake on the anthropometric characteristics, and physical fitness of urban and rural school children.

The prevalence and risk factors for cataract in rural and urban India

Purpose: To report the prevalence and risk factors of cataract and its subtypes in older age group. Methods: A total of 6617 subjects were recruited from both rural and urban areas. A detailed history including data on demographic, socioeconomic and ocular history was obtained. Lens opacity was graded according to the Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III). Results: Cataract was present in 1094 of the rural and 649 subjects in the urban population. Monotype subtype cataracts were found in 32% and 25% in rural and urban population and 12.68% and 18.6% were mixed cataracts in the rural and urban groups. In baseline characteristics history of diabetes, alcohol intake and presence of age-related macular degeneration were the risk factors in urban group. On multivariate analysis, the only significant risk factors for any cataract in subjects ?60 years were increasing age in both rural [odds ratio (OR), 1.07] and urban (OR, 1.08) population, and HbA1c (OR, 1.14) in rural population. Overweight (OR, 0.6) was found to be a protective factor, and lower social economic status (OR, 1.52) a risk factor for cataract in urban population. A significant urban–rural difference was found in the prevalence of cataract and its subtypes (P ? 0.05). Conclusion: We found the risk factors for any cataract in older age group to be increasing age and HbA1c in rural group. Age and lower social economic status were found to be the risk factors in urban arm. A statistically significant difference was found on comparison of the prevalence of cataract and its subtypes between the rural and urban population.

Sense of belonging and social identity on the settlement intentions of rural-urban migrants: evidence from China / O efeito do senso e identidade social nas intenções de assentamento de migrantes rurais-urbanos: evidências da China

ABSTRACT: Drawing upon data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) of 2012 and 2014, this paper uses the panel binary choice model to examine the determinants of the settlement intentions of rural-urban migrants. Results showed that both a sense of belonging and social identity play important roles in determining rural-urban migrants' settlement decisions. Besides these, wage, education, and health also affect the willingness of migrant workers to settle in a given area. Therefore, to promote urbanization, policy-makers should pay attention to the subjective demands of rural-urban migrants. We suggested that decision- and policy-makers help such migrants improve their social networks and eliminate identity discrimination, so as to encourage their willingness to settle in cities.

RESUMO: Com base nos dados do Laboratório de Dinâmica da Força de Trabalho da China (CLDS) de 2012 e 2014, este artigo usa o modelo de escolha binária do painel para examinar os determinantes das intenções de assentamento de migrantes rurais-urbanos. Os resultados mostram que tanto o senso de pertencimento, quanto a identidade social, desempenham papéis importantes na determinação das decisões de assentamentos de migrantes rurais-urbanos. Além destes, salário, educação e saúde também afetam a disposição dos trabalhadores migrantes de se estabelecerem em uma determinada área. Portanto, a fim de promover a urbanização, os formuladores de políticas devem prestar atenção às demandas subjetivas dos migrantes rurais-urbanos. Sugerimos que autoridades e formuladores de políticas públicas ajudem esses migrantes a melhorar sua rede social e a eliminar a discriminação de identidade, de modo a incentivar sua disposição de se estabelecer nas cidades.

Neuropsychiatric disorders in Rural and Urban areas of district Dehradun

Background: Neuropsychiatric disorders are quite prevalent in the community and are on the rise due to changing lifestyles and lack of social support. Most of the published data is from hospital, which calls for more community-based studies to measure the actual burden of this menace. Aim & Objective: To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in district Dehradun and to find out association of socio-demographic correlates with neuropsychiatric disorders Settings and Design: This community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in selected rural and urban areas of district Dehradun. Methods and Material: Study areas and households were selected by multistage stratified and systematic random samplings respectively. Participants were chosen from the selected households by Kish method. Respondents were screened for neuropsychiatric disorders by using MINI-6. Statistical analysis used: data was entered in SPSS 20.0 version and analysed by using percentages, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: About one fifth of the respondents had a lifetime diagnosis of at least one neuropsychiatric disorder. Age, male gender, higher education, joint family and upper socio-economic status were found to be significantly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Factors determining psychological wellbeing are deeply rooted in socio-demographic environment and individual characteristics. Many of the respondents had one or more lifetime neuropsychiatric disorder and most of them were not diagnosed. More community-based research is required to determine the exact magnitude and responsible factors of neuropsychiatric disorders, so that a focused strategy may be developed to address its preventable aspect

Factors affecting seasonal changes in blood pressure in North India: A population based four-seasons study

Objective There are no community based, longitudinal, intra individual epidemiological studies on effect of weather and season on blood pressure (BP). We evaluated the effect of season and temperature on prevalence and epidemiology of BP in tropical climate. Methods and results It was a longitudinal cross sectional survey of rural and urban subjects in their native surroundings. BP was measured in four different seasons in same subjects. A total of 978 subjects (452 rural and 521 urban) were included in the current analysis. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupational based physical activity and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Mean BP, both systolic and diastolic were significantly higher in winter season as compared to summer season. Mean difference between winter and summer was 9.01 (95% CI: 7.74–10.28, p < 0.001) in systolic BP and 5.61 (95% CI: 4.75–6.47, p < 0.001) in diastolic BP. This increase in BP was more marked in rural areas and elderly subjects. Prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher during winter (23.72%) than in summer (10.12%). Conclusion BP increases significantly during winter season as compared to summer season. Increase is more marked in rural areas and elderly subjects. Seasonal variation in BP should be taken into account while looking at prevalence of hypertension in epidemiological studies.

Comparative study on the mental health status of urban and rural mothers of children with cleft lip and palate / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To compare the mental health between the urban mothers and rural mothers of children with cleft lip and pal-ate.Methods:1 68 mothers(including 1 24 rural and 44 urban)of the children with cleft lip and palate were included in the trial group and 82 mothers of normal children were included in the control group.The subjects were tested by the self-assessment symptom lists of SCL-90 for the evaluation and comparison of mental health.Results:The scores of nine dimensions of trial group in somatization, forcing symptoms,depression,anxiety,etc were significantly higher than those of the control group(P <0.05).The scores of nine di-mensions of rural group in somatization,forcing symptoms,depression,anxiety,etc were higher than those of the urban group,the ri-val,psychotic and total scores showed significant differences(P <0.05);Conclusion:The mental health status of mothers of children with cleft lip and palate is poorer than that of those of normal children.That of the rural mothers is poorer than that of the urban ones. Special attention should be paid to the mental health status of the parents of children with cleft lip and palate.

Domestic violence as a threat to maternal and child well-being in an urban migrant community in Peru / La violencia doméstica como una amenaza para el bienestar maternoinfantil en una comunidad urbana de migrantes del Perú

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact that domestic violence (DV) has on hindering the success of urban migrants in Peru and any association with maternal depression, impaired parenting, social capital, and child development. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of structured interviews with 97 mothers and their school-aged children in El Porvenir, a predominantly migrant area of the city of Trujillo, Peru. Data collection occurred in February-June 2011. Proven tools previously validated for use in Spanish were used to assess the following variables: maternal depression, social capital, domestic violence, parenting behaviors, child socioemotional development, and child cognitive development. Correlational, multiple regression, tests of interaction, and indirect/mediator models were used for analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of women reported currently experiencing DV. DV strongly predicted depression (P < 0.001). Women who reported DV were less likely to be employed (P < 0.05), had lower cognitive social capital (P < 0.01), engaged in fewer caregiving activities (P < 0.05), had less maternal energy (P < 0.05), and were less warm (P < 0.05). DV was associated with internalizing behaviors in children (P < 0.01), with impaired parenting partially mediating this relationship. CONCLUSIONS: DV compromises women's mental health and parenting ability. High rates of DV among urban migrants affect the whole community by hindering employment potential and reducing trust among community members. Interventions targeting DV-related variables (e.g., substance abuse and limited job opportunities for men) could reduce the deleterious effects of DV on urban migrant communities across Latin America.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la repercusión de la violencia doméstica como obstáculo para el éxito de los migrantes urbanos del Perú, y su asociación con la depresión materna, el deterioro de la crianza, el capital social y el desarrollo infantil. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal que constaba de entrevistas estructuradas dirigidas a 97 madres y sus hijos en edad escolar residentes en El Porvenir, una zona predominantemente migratoria de la ciudad de Trujillo (Perú). Se recopilaron datos de febrero a junio del 2011. Se emplearon instrumentos comprobados, validados anteriormente para su uso en español, con objeto de evaluar las siguientes variables: la depresión materna, el capital social, la violencia doméstica, los comportamientos de crianza, y el desarrollo socioemocional y cognoscitivo de los niños. Para el análisis se utilizaron diseños correlacionales y de regresión múltiple, pruebas de interacción y modelos indirectos o de mediadores. RESULTADOS: El 65% de las mujeres notificaron que eran víctimas de algún tipo de violencia doméstica en aquel momento, y esta predijo intensamente la depresión (P < 0,001). Las mujeres que notificaron violencia doméstica tenían menores probabilidades de tener un empleo (P < 0,05), poseían un capital social cognoscitivo inferior (P < 0,01), realizaban menos actividades de cuidado de otras personas (P < 0,05), tenían menos energía para la crianza (P < 0,05), y eran menos afectuosas (P < 0,05). La violencia doméstica se asoció con comportamientos de internalización en niños (P < 0,01), y el deterioro de la crianza mediaba parcialmente esta relación. CONCLUSIONES: La violencia doméstica compromete la salud mental y la capacidad de crianza de las mujeres. Las tasas elevadas de esta entre los migrantes urbanos afectan a toda la comunidad al entorpecer su potencial para lograr un empleo y reducir la confianza entre los miembros de la comunidad. Las intervenciones que actúen sobre las variables relacionadas con la violencia doméstica (por ejemplo, el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y las limitadas oportunidades de trabajo para los hombres) podrían reducir los efectos nocivos de la violencia doméstica en las comunidades de migrantes urbanos en América Latina.

Investigation research on mental health self-help status of empty-nesters in urban and rural areas of Chifeng / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the differences in mental health self-help status of empty-nesters between urban and rural areas for providing the basis and strategies in mental health self-help and promoting development of the self-help potential.Methods Inner Mongolia Chifeng district,441 cases of urban and rural empty-nesters was valuated with the mental health questionnaire.Results Urban empty-nesters were higher than the ratio of rural empty-nester on the aspects of residential satisfaction,participating in activities,talking about their problems in families,communicating health informations and seeking professional help,x2=8.193,15.930,6.500,13.089,18.857,P ＜ 0.05.Urban empty-nesters were lower than the ratio of rural empty-nester on the aspects of feeling helpless and hiding bad mood,x2=9.930,14.873,P ＜ 0.05.The awareness on mental health knowledge was in low level for both urban and rural areas(17.11％,32/187 and 9.55％,19/199).Conclusions Both urban and rural empty-nesters were in bad conditions of mental health self-help ability,especially for rural empty-nesters.The awareness rate of knowledge on mental health is in highly need.

Autonomía y calidad de vida de adolescentes en condición de desplazamiento forzoso en la localidad de Suba, Bogotá, D. C / Autonomy and quality of life of displaced adolescents in Suba, Bogotá, D. C / Autonomia e qualidade de vida de adolescentes em condição de deslocamento forçado em Suba, Bogotá D. C

Objetivo: Describir cómo la autonomía y la calidad de vida en sus componentes de condiciones de vida y salud percibida está determinada o no por la situación, posición y condición de desplazamiento forzoso. Metodología: Estudio inscrito en el paradigma hermenéutico crítico social, se desarrolló en dos fases. La primera fase describió las percepciones frente a la autonomía funcional, social y política, con tres grupos focales, se usó la entrevista semi estructurada, 18 adolescentes participaron. En la segunda se encuestaron 26 adolescentes sobre su calidad de vida en los componentes de condiciones de vida y salud percibida, se utilizó el Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física (GPAQ) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Cuestionario de Salud Percibida KIDSCREEN52. Los participantes fueron adolescentes en edades entre 10 y 18 años, en condición de desplazamiento forzoso, asistentes a un comedor comunitario. Resultado: En los grupos focales se identificaron frente a la autonomía 4 categorías y 13 subcategorías. Respecto a las condiciones de vida el 80,8% de los participantes estudia actualmente y el 19,2% están por fuera del sistema educativo. Las dimensiones de la salud percibida con mayor afectación son auto percepción - auto concepto y recursos económicos. Conclusiones: La autonomía si bien es una experiencia que se vive individualmente, su ejercicio y fortalecimiento está vinculado con los otros y las condiciones de vida en la que los individuos se desenvuelven, es decir con la vida social, además de constituirse en un recurso fundamental para la calidad de vida y la salud de este grupo poblacional.

Objective: This study aims to describe how personal autonomy and quality of life in life condition and perceived health components are somehow determined by situation, position and conditions of forced displacement. Methodology: Limited to the social critic hermeneutic paradigm, this study was performed in two phases. The first phase described perceptions of functional, social and political autonomy. In three focus groups of 18 adolescents a semi structured interview was applied. In the second phase 26 adolescents were interviewed on their quality of life regarding life conditions and perceived health components. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) of the World Health Organization was used as well as the Perceived Health Questionnaire KIDSCREEN52. The participants were adolescents between 10 and 18 years old, in condition of forced displacement and attending a soup kitchen. Outcomes: Regarding autonomy 4 categories and 13 subcategories were identified in the focal groups. Regarding life conditions 80,8% of participants is currently attending school and 19,2% is out-of-school children. Self-perception - self-concept and economic resources are the health dimensions perceived as more affected. Conclusions: Although personal autonomy is an individual experience, its practice and consolidation is linked to other people and life conditions in which individuals operate, that means social life. Autonomy is also a fundamental element in the quality of life and health of that population group.

Objetivo: Este estudo objetiva descrever o modo como a autonomia pessoal e a qualidade de vida nos componentes Condições de vida e saúde percebida são afetadas ou não pela situação, posição e condição do deslocamento forçado. Metodologia: Esse estudo abrangido pelo paradigma hermenêutico crítico social foi desenvolvido em duas fases. A primeira fase descreveu as percepções da autonomia funcional, social e política. Em três grupos focais de 18 adolescentes foi usada a entrevista semiestruturada. Na segunda fase foram entrevistados 26 adolescentes sobre sua qualidade de vida nos componentes de condições de vida e saúde percebida. Aplicouse o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) da Organização Mundial da Saúde e o Questionário de Saúde Percebida KIDSCREEN52. Os participantes foram adolescentes entre10 e 18 anos de idade, em condição de deslocamento forçado, que vão a um refeitório comunitário. Resultado: No que diz respeito à autonomia pessoal nos grupos focais foram identificados 4 categorias e 13 subcategorias. No tocante às condições de vida 80,8% dos participantes vão para a escola enquanto que 19,2% estão fora do sistema de ensino. As dimensões da saúde percebida como mais afetadas foram autopercepção - autoconceito e recursos econômicos. Conclusões: Embora a autonomia pessoal seja uma experiência individual, seu exercício e fortalecimento são vinculados com os outros bem como com as condições de vida nas quais os indivíduos desenvolvem-se, isto é, a vida social. A autonomia pessoal é também recurso fundamental para a qualidade de vida e saúde desse grupo populacional.

The Impact of Health Investment Income Growth and Research on Rural-Urban Differences and Regional Differences / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To study the impact of the residents’ health investment income growth, and analyze rural-urban differences and regional differences. Methods: According to the provincial panel data from 1996 to 2011, two-way fixed effects model ( Two-way FE) is established in empirical analysis. Results: Health investment has positive effects on the income growth of residents, but rural-urban differences and regional differences exist. The health investment income growth effect of rural area is higher than urban, and the effect of western area is higher than the east. Conclusion: While improving the level of urban medical health investment, it needs to focus on health investment in rural and western area. To make the health investment on income growth effect play its work efficiently, and narrow the rural-urban income gap and regional income gap.

Calidad de vida vinculada a salud en población migrante rural-urbana y población urbana en Lima, Perú / Health-related quality of life among urban and rural to urban migrant populations in Lima, Peru

Objetivos. Explorar si existe una diferencia en la percepción y autorreporte de calidad de vida en población migrante rural-urbana en comparación con un grupo urbano no migrante. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal, análisis secundario del estudio PERU-MIGRANT (PEru’s Rural to Urban MIGRANTs study). Utilizando la prueba de Kruskall- Wallis y evaluando magnitud de efectos se midieron y compararon los puntajes global y por dominios obtenidos en la encuesta WHOQOL-Brief. Resultados. Se encuestó a 307 individuos. La edad promedio de fue de 47 años, 57 por ciento correspondieron al sexo femenino y 62,2 por ciento a población migrante. Comparado con el grupo urbano, el grupo migrante reportó puntajes menores de calidad de vida a nivel global y en los dominios de salud psicológica y del ambiente en elque viven y a la vez, reportaron una mejor percepción en el dominio de salud física. Conclusiones. El impacto de la migración rural-urbana en la calidad de vida indica un efecto diferencial según sus distintos dominios.

Objectives. To explore if there is a difference in the perception and self reported quality of life between rural-to-urban migrants and urban groups. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study, secondary analysis of the PERU-MIGRANT study (PEru’s Rural to Urban MIGRANTs Study). WHOQOL-Brief survey’s global scores and per specific domains obtained in the survey were compared using Kruskall-Wallis’ test and assessing size effect. Results. A total of 307 subjects (62.2 percent migrants, 57 percent female, means age 47 years-old) were surveyed. Compared with the urban group, migrants reported lower quality of life both on the global scores as well as in psychological health and the living environment domains. Migrants reported a higher score on the physical health’s domain. Conclusions. The impact of rural-to-urban migration on quality of life suggests a differential effect within its specific domains.

Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors among rural and urban groups and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru: a cross-sectional study / Actividad física y factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en grupos rurales y urbanos y en migrantes de zonas rurales a urbanas en Perú: estudio transversal

OBJECTIVE: To compare physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns of rural-to-urban migrants in Peru versus lifetime rural and urban residents and to determine any associations between low physical activity and four cardiovascular risk factors: obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m²), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: The PERU MIGRANT (PEru's Rural to Urban MIGRANTs) cross-sectional study was designed to measure physical activity among rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrants with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: The World Health Organization (WHO) age-standardized prevalence of low physical activity was 2.2 percent in lifetime rural residents, 32.2 percent in rural-to-urban migrants, and 39.2 percent in lifetime urban residents. The adjusted odds ratios for low physical activity were 21.43 and 32.98 for migrant and urban groups respectively compared to the rural group. The adjusted odds ratio for being obese was 1.94 for those with low physical activity. There was no evidence of an association between low physical activity and blood pressure levels, hypertension, or metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: People living in a rural area had much higher levels of physical activity and lower risk of being overweight and obese compared to those living in an urban area of Lima. Study participants from the same rural area who had migrated to Lima had levels of physical inactivity and obesity similar to those who had always lived in Lima. Interventions aimed at maintaining higher levels of physical activity among rural-to-urban migrants may help reduce the epidemic of obesity in urban cities.

OBJETIVO: Comparar los patrones de actividad física y de comportamiento sedentario de migrantes de zonas rurales a urbanas del Perú con los patrones de habitantes permanentes de zonas rurales y urbanas, e identificar cualquier asociación entre el bajo nivel de actividad física y cuatro factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular: obesidad (índice de masa corporal > de 30 kg/m²), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, hipertensión y síndrome metabólico. MÉTODOS: El estudio transversal PERU MIGRANT (personas del Perú que emigran de zonas rurales a urbanas) se llevó a cabo para medir la actividad física en personas de zonas rurales y urbanas y en migrantes de zonas rurales a urbanas, por medio del uso del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de actividad física baja estandarizada según la edad, de conformidad con las normas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), fue de 2,2 por ciento en las personas que habían residido toda su vida en el campo, de 32,2 por ciento en migrantes del campo a la ciudad, y de 39,2 por ciento en habitantes de zonas urbanas durante toda la vida. Las razones de posibilidades (odds ratios) ajustadas para un nivel de actividad física bajo fueron 21,43 y 32,98 para individuos de grupos migratorios y urbanos, respectivamente, en comparación con el grupo de personas que vivían en el campo. El odds ratio ajustado para ser obeso fue de 1,94 para las personas con un bajo nivel de actividad física. No se encontraron pruebas de una asociación entre la poca actividad física y los niveles de presión arterial, hipertensión, o el síndrome metabólico. CONCLUSIONES: Los habitantes de zonas rurales tenían niveles de actividad física mucho más altos y un riesgo menor de tener exceso de peso o de ser obesos, en comparación con los residentes de una zona urbana de Lima. Las personas de la misma zona rural que habían emigrado a Lima presentaron niveles de inactividad física y de obesidad similares a los de las personas que habían vivido en Lima toda la vida. Las intervenciones dirigidas a mantener niveles más altos de actividad física entre las personas que emigran de las zonas rurales a las zonas urbanas pueden ayudar a reducir la epidemia de obesidad en las ciudades.

Nutritional Status of Tripuri Tribal Adolescent Boys of West Tripura District.

This cross-sectional study assesses the growth and nutritional status of 623 rural and urban Tripuri tribal adolescent boys (aged 8 to 15 years) from West Tripura district. Prevalence of stunting, thinness and overweight were observed 7.6%, 17.81% and 6.03% for urban and 27.9%, 38.37% and 0.39% respectively for rural boys.

Study on health-related behaviors among males in rural and urban residents from Guangdong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the magnitude of inequities in health-related behaviors among males in Guangdong province, and to investigate the extent of the disparities. Methods Data sets available from the Guangdong Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors Survey 2007 are used.Concentration index (C) and concentration curve are employed to measure the differential of males'health-related behaviors across urban and rural areas in Guangdong. Odds ratios of 6 health-related behaviors among different areas are derived from 4 logistic models, after adjusting for age, married state, educational status, occupation and income. Results Results from Cs reveal that the inequality gradients disadvantageous to men in rural areas are: smoking(C=-0.075, P=0.000), alcohol intake (C=-0.023, P=0.002), blood pressure (C=0.106, P=0.000), blood sugar(C=0.114, P=0.000)and weight (C= 0.107, P= 0.000 ), while lack of physical activity (C= 0.044, P= 0.000) concentrates in the more affluent areas. The magnitudes of these inequalities appear to be higher on health-seeking behaviors than on health-risk behaviors. After adjusting for age and marital status, there is still strong evidence showing the rural-urban differences in the health related behaviors among males in Guangdong province. When educational status, occupation and income are added to the logistic model as control factors, the results have led to a loss of statistical significance on such rural-urban inequalities, indicating that socioeconomic factors play an important role on these health-related behaviors which leads to the inequalities among males in Guangdong province. Conclusion To reduce the gaps in health-related behaviors seen in the rural and urban areas, effective policies should be developed to change the social determinants of rural-urban differences in health and to strengthen the implementation of health-related programs on those vulnerable groups.

Relations between rural development projects and urban migration: the Kõykent Project in Turkey / Efeitos resultantes de projetos para o desenvolvimento rural na migração urbana: o projeto Kõykent na Turquia

In Turkey, migration from rural areas to the cities began in the 1950s. Although various rural development approaches were discussed in the 1960s and 1970s, none of them was successfully put into practice. In 2000, Kõykent, one of these rural development approaches was started in the borough of Mesudiye. This study examines the effect of the Kõykent Project on the migration from rural areas to cities. The results show that the project affected the migration in two ways. First, the tendency of rural residents to migrate to the cities decreased. Second, the tendency of urban residents, who had previously migrated from villages to cities, to return to their home villages increased.

Na Turquia, a migração de áreas rurais para a cidade teve início na década de 1950. Embora várias abordagens tenham sido discutidas no sentido de desenvolver as zonas rurais, nos anos de 1960 e 1970, nenhuma dessas tentativas foi bem sucedida. Em 2000, foi implementado o Projeto Koykent no Município de Mesudiye. Esse estudo procurou examinar os efeitos do Projeto Kõykent na migração de áreas rurais para as zonas urbanas. Os resultados mostraram que o projeto afetou a migração de duas formas. Primeiro, a tendência de migração das zonas urbanas para as zonas rurais diminuiu. Segundo, a tendência daqueles que residiam na zona urbana e que haviam migrado da zona rural foi de retornar ao seu lugar de origem.

Investigation of depression disorders and its influencing factors among senile patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural-urban fringe / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate depression disorders and its influencing factors among senile patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in rural-urban fringe in order to supply reference for commu-nity nursing intervention for it. Methods This study was conducted among 323 residents above 60 years old in Gushan town, Fuzhou City. CES-D (center for epidemiology survey-depression scale) and ADL (ac-tivities of daily living scale) were used to evaluate the depression condition and related factors in these pa-tients and the results underwent analysis. Results 25.7% of people with diabetes had various degree of depression, among which 13.3% might had depression and 12.4% had depression definitely. Patients with loss of spouse, living along,reduction of self- care ability and low BMI showed higher incidence of depres-sion. Variables went into the unconditional multivariate logistic regression equation included marriage status and BMI. Conclusions T2DM patients with loss of spouse, living alone,reduction in self-care ability of daily living and low BMI are high risk population of depression. It was proposed that psychological nursing for the aged should be the important content of community nursing.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Substance Abusers Among Intercollege Students in a District of Uttarakhand.

Substance abuse by children and adolescents is a major health problem. The use of illicit substances frequently starts among school children during adolescence. Concern with the use of harmful habit forming substances in students appears to be a very natural reaction; as they constitute a vital part of the society. Their age and often sudden wide exposure to new environments may render them extremely vulnerable for substance abuse. To find out the association of socio-demographic factors with substance abuse among intercollege students, a Cross-sectional study was conducted among intercollege students of district Dehradun. Multistage random sampling was used for the selection of two intercolleges (one rural and one urban). Overall 1094 students from 9th to 12th classes were included in the study. Statistical analysis was done by entering the data in SPSS software. The prevalence of substance abuse was found to be maximum in the students belonging to the middle slab of income group (socio-economic classes II, III and IV). Nonvegetarian dietary habits, Hindu religion and fathers in professional jobs were also found to be major risk factors for substance abuse behaviour among students.